Pete Buttigieg in Interviews during 2018-2020
On Families & Children:
$100B in grants for minority home ownership
Democratic Presidential candidate Kamala Harris proposed a $100 billion U.S. Housing and Urban Development grant to provide up to $25,000 for down payment and closing costs. Harris said the program would target low-income, first-time
home buyers and would help racial minorities experience home ownership. To qualify, homeowners would have to rent or live in historically redlined communities that haven't historically rented or leased to minorities.
Source: Breitbart.com coverage of 2020 Democratic primary
Jul 6, 2019
On Government Reform:
Provide new opportunities for voluntary public service
Buttigieg is proposing a massive expansion of national service programs, to build a network of 1 million members by 2026. He would quadruple the number of service opportunities to a million high school graduates, establishing new service corps,
including a Climate Corps, Community Health Corps and Intergenerational Service Corps, all of which would be overseen by a new chief service officer who would be part of the White House National Security Council and Domestic Policy Council.
Source: Reuters coverage of 2020 Democratic primary
Jul 3, 2019
On Civil Rights:
Has dealt with racism & police violence, but it's not enough
[Mayor Pete Buttigieg held a town hall after a black man was shot by the police in his home town.] "If anyone who is on patrol is shown to be a racist or to do something racist in a way that is substantiated, that is their last day on the street.
I don't want to seem defensive, but we have taken a lot of steps. They clearly haven't been enough. But I can't accept the suggestion that we haven't done anything. I acknowledge that it has not been enough. At the end of the day, I'm responsible."
Source: The Hill e-zine on 2020 Democratic primary
Jun 23, 2019
On Homeland Security:
Suffered post-deployment depression, but not PTSD
Pete Buttigieg said that although he wasn't diagnosed with PTSD after returning from Afghanistan after a 7-month deployment in 2014, "there's a level of depression that I went through when I came back."Why it matters: This is a new window into
Buttigieg's unusual experience of serving as a 32-year-old, then returning to resume his job as mayor of South Bend, Indiana. "Of course, it's the effect of having been exposed to danger," Buttigieg said. "I think, also, some moral pressure."
He continued, "Any time, in any way, you are even remotely involved in killing, it takes something out of you, and it takes a lot of work to process that." Buttigieg told me the feeling lasted about a year, and that he never felt he needed medical
treatment.
Buttigieg, who was an intelligence officer in the Navy Reserve, noted that "It's the displacement--the fact that you are trying to come back into a civilian world whose rules are just different than when you were deployed."
Source: Axios.com on 2020 Democratic primary
Jun 16, 2019
On Abortion:
Personal choice is best for abortion's moral decision
If elected, Pete Buttigieg (boot-a-judge, often referred to as "Mayor Pete"), the 37-year-old mayor of South Bend, Indiana, would be the youngest U.S. president ever.
Said on Meet the Press that abortion is a "question that is almost unknowable ... a moral question that is not going to be settled by science. So the best way for it to be settled in practice is by the person who actually faces the choice."
Source: Axios.com "Election Factsheet," on 2020 Democratic primary
May 3, 2019
On Civil Rights:
If U.S. to address human rights, we need to be credible
Q: How would you cooperate with countries that view homosexuality as a crime punishable by death?A: I think it's wrong to harm or punish people because they're part of the LGBTQ community. I get that not every country is there.
In some dramatically milder respects, but still very bothersome ones, our own country is not there. I believe that this is an example of why the world needs an America that is strong, that's credible, and that people believe keeps its word.
Does anybody think right now that the U.S. has an awful lot of moral authority in the world? And whether it's LGBTQ rights or, frankly, any kind of human rights, it's really important for the
U.S. to be a credible messenger. I still believe that America can spread values related to freedom and democracy that'll benefit various minorities living in their home countries, but not if we're not credible.
Source: CNN Town Hall 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 22, 2019
On Corporations:
Anti-trust law must go beyond pricing to deal with high tech
There's issues with the sheer glomeration of different business interests into single corporations. This is the basis of antitrust law. Antitrust law as we know it has begun to hit its limits with regulating tech companies. It was based around the idea
that the reason you got to stop monopolies from happening is that when they happen, they start to jack up prices. It's not designed to handle some of these tech companies where there's actually no price at all.
The product is made free, or at least it's free on its face. We've learned, in part because of the way our data are used by these companies, that nothing is actually free.
We need to empower the FTC to be able to intervene, including blocking or reversing mergers, in cases where there's anticompetitive behavior by tech companies, even if it can't directly be applied to pricing.
Source: CNN Town Hall 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 22, 2019
On Crime:
Restore voting rights for ex-cons, but not those in prison
When you have served your sentence, then part of being restored to society is that you're part of the political life of this nation again. And one of the things that needs to be restored is your right to vote.
But part of the punishment when you're convicted of a crime and you're incarcerated is you lose certain rights. During that period, it does not make sense to have an exception for the right to vote.
Source: CNN Town Hall 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 22, 2019
On Education:
States should take on more of cost of higher education
This is kind of a personal issue for us because Chasten and I live with six-figure student debt. There are several things that we've got to do. Through a combination of carrots and sticks, we've got to induce states to carry more of the burden,
instead of continuing to pass it on to students. Students are getting squeezed because states are less and less willing to appropriate the funds to make sure that in-state public college tuition is truly affordable.
We've also got to work on student loan debt. If, when interest rates change, I can refinance the debt on our house, then it stands to reason that you should be able to do with student debt, too.
I think those two steps, coupled with a significant
increase in Pell Grants, would make a big difference for college accessibility. And when we're increasing Pell Grants, let's peg it automatically to inflation.
Source: CNN Town Hall 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 22, 2019
On Education:
Supports loan forgiveness but not across the board
Q: Would you support student loan cancellation, say, to households earning less than $200,000? A: I still want to do some math around it. I find it pretty appealing. I'm not as certain that I'm comfortable with people of that high an income
participating until we have completed the transition to a more progressive tax code, because if you're north of $200,000, maybe you're at the point where we could ask you to take care of that on yourself. But the theory of it makes a lot of sense.
Source: CNN Town Hall 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 22, 2019
On Free Trade:
Free trade doesn't have to mean exporting jobs
We need to find a way to make sure that trade actually works for us. What we do need to make sure of is that there are enough measures, including adjustment assistance, including making sure that we make whole in some way the people who were made worse
off, that we're actually keeping the promise of trade. We can make trade work for our communities. One of my favorite examples, is a Union Autoworkers UAW facility that is making electric vehicles for a start-up based in
Silicon Valley where a lot of the investment came from China. Before that, there was a three-year contract where that facility was working for Mercedes making vehicles sold in the Asian market.
So you got American union autoworkers making German cars going to Chinese customers, and we're sending our products, not our jobs, to Asia. That's how I want it to work.
Source: CNN Town Hall 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 22, 2019
On Government Reform:
Abolish Electoral College; it makes society less democratic
Senator Kirsten Gillibrand is backing an amendment to "abolish the Electoral College" introduced by Senator Brian Schatz, while Senators Kamala Harris, Cory Booker, and Bernie Sanders have signaled their willingness to address the Electoral College's
anti-democratic impact, as have former representative Beto O'Rourke and former housing secretary Juli n Castro. Possible presidential contender Pete Buttigieg, the mayor of South Bend, Indiana, says: "The Electoral College needs to go, because
it's made our society less and less democratic." Buttigieg sees that move as part of a democracy agenda that includes ending gerrymandering, extending voting rights, and, probably, amending the Constitution to reverse the damage done by the
Supreme Court's 2010 Citizens United decision. (Sanders has already proposed amendments to overturn Citizens United, which he decries as "one of the most disastrous decisions in [the Court's] history.")
Source: The Nation, "Electoral College," on 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 22, 2019
On Immigration:
There's a consensus on immigration if we have the will
I think the reason that the Dreamer story is so powerful is that it reflects the experiences of people who are Americans. They're not U.S. citizens, but in many cases this is the only country they can even remember. There are over 10 million people
who are undocumented immigrants in this country who don't fall into that category. And the reality is, we can't have comprehensive immigration reform that works unless it addresses the status for those 11-some million undocumented immigrants.
What we need to do is make sure there's a pathway to citizenship for them, too. We know the outlines of a comprehensive immigration reform -- a pathway to citizenship for undocumented people in this country; a level of protection for
DREAMers; a set of reforms to clear up the bureaucracy and the backlogs in the lawful immigration system, which is how my father became a U.S. citizen; and reasonable measures on border security.
Source: CNN Town Hall 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 22, 2019
On Principles & Values:
God does not have a political party
I believe strongly in the separation of church and state and I think anybody who steps into the public sphere needs to make it clear that they're here
to support people of any religion and people of no religion. God does not have a political party.
Source: CNN Town Hall 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 22, 2019
On Technology:
Automation is changing the workplace; we need to adapt
We got to be honest about the fact that for every job and manufacturing that has been lost as a consequence of trade, there are several more that have been lost as a result of technology and automation.
And that's not going to change. Manufacturing can continue to grow stronger in this country, but it's going to be less labor intensive, less human beings on the floor per dollar of output.
And that's why we need policies that can get ahead of the economic shifts to come and recognize that our generation's not going to be able to count as our parents'
generation often did on the idea of a single relationship with a single employer or a couple employers across the course of your entire career.
Source: CNN Town Hall 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 22, 2019
On Education:
Charter schools have a place in the school ecosystem
Other 2020 Democrats have also staked out pro-charter school positions while at the same time calling for other education reforms.
Buttigieg's campaign told NewsHour that the South Bend, Indiana mayor believes charter schools have a place in the school ecosystem, but that they shouldn't replace investment in traditional public schools.
Source: PBS News Hour 2019 coverage of 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 15, 2019
On Tax Reform:
The wealthy should pay their fair share in taxes
During an interview with CNBC's John Harwood, Buttigieg said "the reality is there are some people who are not paying their fair share. Some people frankly are getting a bit of a free ride on the productive energy of this country and this economy."
He said he would consider raising the marginal tax rate for high-earners. Additionally, he said a wealth tax makes sense, as does potentially expanding the estate tax for the biggest and wealthiest estates.
Source: Fox Business News on 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 15, 2019
On Foreign Policy:
Supports Israel; situation more complex than seen in media
I think there's a risk that Israel could come to be regarded as a partisan issue, and I think that would be really unfortunate. One of the first things you realize when you get on the ground is this is not a left versus right issue.
We met a lot of people from the Israeli left who have complicated and nuanced views of what is going on [including the] relationship with Iran. Unfortunately, these things are reduced into a black and white picture sometimes in the American media.
Source: Common Dreams e-zine on 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 3, 2019
On Homeland Security:
Be serious about security like Israel, but live freely
Buttigieg had praise for Israel, suggesting its way of handling security threats could be a good model for the US. Seeing the way that a country can be very very serious, and effective when it comes to security and on the other hand not allowing
concerns about security to dominate your consciousness, I think that's a very important lesson that Americans can look to when we think about how to navigate a world that unfortunately has become smaller and more dangerous for all of us.
Source: Alex Ward of Vox.com on 2020 Democratic primary
Apr 3, 2019
On Principles & Values:
Supports religious values and separation of church and state
Pete Buttigieg wants his party to embrace religion but not at the expense of excluding others. He said the Democratic Party has sometimes become distant from religion, but it's "a side effect of something healthy" because of commitment to the separation
of church and state, and the belief that it speaks for people of any faith and of no faith equally. "I think there's an opportunity hopefully for religion to be not so much used as a cudgel but invoked as a way of calling us to higher values."
Source: Washington Post on 2020 Democratic primary
Mar 29, 2019
On Abortion:
Abortion is a woman's choice, not a political statement
Buttigieg has not made abortion rights a major focus of his campaign. But he has spoken on the issue. Asked in February for his thoughts on a New York state law lifting some restrictions on abortion, he identified himself as pro-choice. "These
questions ought to be resolved by women in consultation with their doctors, not by the intervention of male politicians putting politically motivated restrictions on women's health care ," he said.
Source: Anna North in Vox.com on 2020 Democratic primary
Mar 27, 2019
On Crime:
Death penalty is racist; mandatory minimums too
While discussing criminal justice reform at the National Action Network, Buttigieg said, "As we work to end mandatory minimums for nonviolent offenses, here too we must be intentional about fixing disparities that have deeply unfair racial consequences.
It is time to face the simple fact that capital punishment as seen in America has always been a discriminatory practice and we would be a fairer and safer country when we join the ranks of modern nations who have abolished the death penalty."
Source: The Hill: 2020 Democratic primary & National Action Network
Mar 27, 2019
On Energy & Oil:
Timetable on climate set by reality, not by Congress
I'm thinking about what the world's going to look like in 2054 when I get to the current age of the current president. And if we don't act aggressively and immediately on climate, it's not going to be a pretty picture.
If we can't do carbon free, then we'll do net carbon free, which means that we're taking out as much as we're putting in. The bottom line is, scientifically, the right year to do that was yesterday. We have got to do this.
This timetable isn't being set in Congress. It's being set by reality. It's being set by science. And it's going to hit. Those deadlines are going to hit in our climate with or without us.
What the green new deal gets right is it recognizes there's also a lot of economic opportunity in this. Retrofitting building means a huge amount of jobs for the building trades in this country.
Source: Fox News Sunday 2019 interviews for 2020 Democratic primary
Mar 19, 2019
On Government Reform:
Need to depoliticize Supreme Court
We need some kind of structural reform that makes the court less political. We can't go on where every time there's a vacancy, there's this apocalyptic ideological battle. One idea that I think is interesting is, you have 15 members, but only ten
of them are appointed in the political fashion. Five of them can only be seated by unanimous agreement of the other ten. There are other ideas that have been floated too about term limits or about rotating justices up from the appellate bench.
Source: Fox News Sunday 2019 interviews for 2020 Democratic primary
Mar 19, 2019
On Health Care:
Single payer option can lead to Medicare for all
A single-payer environment is probably the right answer in the long term, but I think any politician who throws around phrases like Medicare for all has to explain how we would get there. What you want to do is you take something like Medicare, you
put it on the exchanges as a public option, and if people like me are right that that is both good coverage and more cost efficient, then more and more people will buy in and it will be a very natural glide path towards the single-payer environment.
Source: Fox News Sunday 2019 interviews for 2020 Democratic primary
Mar 19, 2019
On Jobs:
Government must be pro-active with changing economy
We've been restoring manufacturing jobs, but we're realistic about the fact that with automation it's not going to look like the old economy. The economy is changing. The pace of change is accelerating. We've got to master those changes in order to
make them work for us. Everything from making sure everybody has health care, to increasing the minimum wage, to delivering portable benefits so that when you get disrupted from your job, it's not such a disruption in the rest of your life.
Source: Fox News Sunday 2019 interviews for 2020 Democratic primary
Mar 19, 2019
On Principles & Values:
Progressive, but not concerned with labels
I think more and more people just want to know what your ideas are and whether they make any sense. And part of how we were able to succeed in South Bend, governing, I believe in accordance with progressive values, but also earning a lot of support
from Republicans and independents wasn't by trying to manage exactly where I was on this kind of left/right spectrum, it was by trying to do the right thing. I view myself as a progressive, but these labels are becoming less and less useful.
Source: Fox News Sunday 2019 interviews for 2020 Democratic primary
Mar 19, 2019
On Health Care:
Medicare for all who want it: public option
His big idea: Many of the Democrats in the presidential field have endorsed universal government-managed health insurance by expanding to everyone the Medicare programme that provides healthcare for the elderly. Mr Buttigieg didn't go that far on
Sunday night, instead opting for what he called "Medicare for all who want it". The way he described it, "you take some flavour of Medicare, you make it available on the exchange as a kind of public option, and you invite people to buy into it".
Source: BBC.com on 2020 Democratic primary contenders at 2019 SXSW
Mar 12, 2019
On Principles & Values:
Would be youngest president ever, and first mayor
If elected, the mayor of South Bend, Indiana, would achieve a number of presidential firsts--the youngest president, aged 37, the first mayor elected directly to the White House, the first Afghanistan War veteran and the first openly gay president.
His biggest obstacle: The possible "firsts" are also obstacles. He's young. And the mayor's office of a small Indiana town, with its small constituency, is an unlikely seat from which to launch a presidential campaign.
Mr Buttigieg will be hard-pressed to break through against better-funded, more experienced candidates. Chances are, however, he'll still be around in politics long after many of them are gone and he thinks his age is a
plus. "It allows me to communicate to the country a vision about what our country is going to look like in 2054," he said. "That's the year I get to the current age of the current president."
Source: BBC.com on 2020 Democratic primary contenders at 2019 SXSW
Mar 12, 2019
On Civil Rights:
Calls for redistricting reform; questions Electoral College
Buttigieg endorsed redistricting reforms and other changes that would allow for greater representation of the public interest. "Bold changes and reforms are needed," Buttigieg said, including "things that might require constitutional action. Things like
questioning whether it really makes sense to have an electoral college, which twice in my lifetime has overruled the American people. And whether it makes sense to continue with places like D.C. and Puerto Rico denied full political representation."
Source: Common Dreams e-zine on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 20, 2019
On Government Reform:
Open to expanding judiciary in reaction to GOP actions
Buttigieg was asked whether he would be open to adding four seats to the nation's highest court and expanding the size of lower courts to combat the Republican Party's recent success in assembling a right-wing judiciary branch. Buttigieg said it was
unwise to dismiss the proposal, which he called "no more a shattering of norms than what's already been done to get the judiciary to where it is today.""Very bold, very ambitious ideas need a hearing right now," the mayor added.
Source: Common Dreams e-zine on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 20, 2019
On Energy & Oil:
Supports Paris climate accord and Green New Deal
Buttigieg considers climate change a national security threat and a problem that will impact younger Americans and future generations. He supports every U.S. house becoming "net zero" consumer of energy, and is in favor of the government subsidizing
solar panels. Buttigieg was one of 407 U.S. mayors who signed a pact to adhere to the Paris climate accord after President Donald Trump pulled out of the international agreement 2017. He supports the "Green New Deal."
Source: PBS Newshour on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 15, 2019
On Gun Control:
Yes to gun control and universal background checks
As the mayor of South Bend, Buttigieg is a member of Mayors Against Illegal Guns, a group that advocates for gun control legislation at the state and federal level.
He also supports universal background checks, and opposed allowing guns in schools and so-called "Stand Your Ground" self-defense gun laws.
Source: PBS Newshour on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 15, 2019
On Health Care:
Single rate for healthcare before single payer
Buttigieg says he's "all for" a single-payer health care system. But he has said he wouldn't immediately jump to single-payer from the current system.
Instead, Buttigieg would first implement an all-payer rate setting--a system that would not eliminate private insurance companies.
Source: PBS Newshour on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 15, 2019
On Immigration:
Supports DACA and easing deportation policies
Buttigieg supports the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, or DACA, and would like to see Congress pass a law creating pathway to citizenship for young undocumented immigrants
brought to the country illegally as children. He also opposes the Trump administration's aggressive deportation policies,.
Source: PBS Newshour on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 15, 2019
On Jobs:
Unions good for US workers, but not NAFTA
The Democrat thinks NAFTA caused irreplaceable job losses across the industrial Midwest.
He is a strong supporter of labor and union groups, and says Democrats must work harder to advocate for working people and help them achieve economic stability.
Source: PBS Newshour on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 15, 2019
On War & Peace:
Pull troops out of Afghanistan, but not Syria
Buttigieg says his experience serving as a Navy intelligence officer in Afghanistan helped shaped his views.
Buttigieg supports pulling troops out of Afghanistan, but has criticized Trump's plans to withdraw from Syria.
Source: PBS Newshour on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 15, 2019
On Technology:
Infrastructure upgrade of sewer system needed in South Bend
At best, the sewer upgrade that I'm going to have to do is $500 million, so it is literally equivalent to the value of all of the city's assets. We talk about a Green New Deal?
There could be, almost, a New Deal-level investment just in mid-western sewer separation. And, by the way, water quality, too, as we learned in Flint.
Source: NYMag.com, "Talk With Buttigieg," on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 14, 2019
On Civil Rights:
For LGBT rights, but doesn't presume to speak for everyone
On "CBS This Morning," no one mentioned that Buttigieg could be the first gay President. I asked whether he saw that as a measure of how quickly gay identity has become accepted. "Depends where you are. You quickly get plunged into this world where
you're supposed to represent your community," but at that point he had little experience of the gay community. "Like, I will fight for the trans woman of color, but do I really know anything about her experience because I'm married to a dude?"
Source: New Yorker magazine on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 9, 2019
On Government Reform:
Get rid of the Electoral College
Buttigieg said, "We can't nibble around the edges of a system that no longer works." [One reporter] asked, "What is your idea that is so big that nobody would mistake it for nibbling around the edges?" Buttigieg answered, " Well, first of all, we've
got to repair our democracy. The Electoral College needs to go, because it's made our society less and less democratic." He went on in this vein, suggesting that electoral reform was essential.
Source: The New Yorker on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 9, 2019
On Health Care:
His generation not put off by claims of "socialism"
The element of his generation is that it is essentially pragmatic. "Take universal health care. It is very pragmatic to look around and say, well, the countries that do this tend to be better than the countries that don't. The system we have isn't
working very well; we ought to try this other system. Politically, it's never been possible, because it's been considered socialism, and socialism was a kill switch. Our generation did not live through the Cold War in the same way."
Source: New Yorker magazine on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 9, 2019
On Civil Rights:
Supports Equality Act; need better legislation
I think one of the big things that we're looking at, of course, is the Equality Act. I live in a state where it is still--not in South Bend because we took local action, but in most parts of my state it's still perfectly
legal to be fired for who you are, and I think we need better legislation, civil rights legislation that takes care of that.
Source: Washington Blade on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 5, 2019
On Civil Rights:
Trans members of the military deserve presidential support
Trans members of the military who are willing to put their lives on the line in order to defend this country deserve to be supported by their commander in chief. It's extremely disturbing, especially for someone who portrayed himself as somebody who
might change the way the Republican Party related to the LGBT community, to turn around and do this demonstrates that he was never serious about that, not to mention the elevation of Mike Pence to one heartbeat away from the presidency.
Source: Washington Blade on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 5, 2019
On Health Care:
Gender reassignment surgery is part of health care
Q: Should transgender people in prison have access to gender reassignment surgery?BUTTIGIEG: Yeah. I believe that's part of health care. We provide health care to people who are incarcerated. The bigger issue is that too many people are incarcerated.
We need to treat everybody the same, if you regard this as part of health care. People try to turn others against this around the issue of cost, but the spectacular costs of incarceration have very little to do with things like gender reassignment.
Source: Washington Blade on 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 5, 2019
On Civil Rights:
Voters have judged his record, not his marriage
Q: Is the country ready for a gay couple in the White House?A: I think there's only one way to find out. When I came out, it was in the middle of a reelection campaign. I just reached that point in my life where I was ready. And we didn't know what
Source: ABC This Week 2019 interviews for 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 3, 2019
On Foreign Policy:
Pay attention to assessments of intelligence agencies
Q: Would you meet with Kim Jong-un?A: I think it would make more sense to have that happen in a framework of concrete achievements.
You don't just get to have a meeting, declare the nuclear threat to be over, then wind up being embarrassed and contradicted by your own intelligence chiefs.
As a military officer serving overseas, I was part of the intelligence community. And there is not a more reality-based group of people in this country.
You actually have to understand and legitimize and take seriously their assessments before you have any business having a one-on-one with the leader of a hostile foreign power like North Korea.
Source: ABC This Week 2019 interviews for 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 3, 2019
On Health Care:
Single payer can still allow role for private insurance
If the framework we're using is Medicare, a lot of people who have Medicare also have Medicare supplements, Medicare Advantage, something like that. There can be a role for the private sector.I just don't believe that leaving Americans to the
tender mercies of corporations is the best way to organize the health sector in this country. The bottom line is most citizens in most developed countries, enjoy access to this kind of health care and Americans don't. It's wrong.
Source: ABC This Week 2019 interviews for 2020 Democratic primary
Feb 3, 2019
Page last updated: Dec 01, 2021