OnTheIssues.org
Home Issues Candidates Recent Grid Archive Senate House VoteMatch_Quiz FAQs
 |   Abortion   Civil   Rights   Crime   Defense   Education   Gun   Control   Health   Care   Tax   Reform 
Michigan
Candidates' views>>
Background
Michigan Political Leaders

Book Reviews

(from Amazon.com)

(click a book cover for a review or click for other books on Reinvention, Campaign Finance, or Budget from Amazon.com)

Site Map
Home
(Main page)
Issues
(Presidential quotations organized by topic)
Candidates
(Presidential quotations organized by candidate)
Recent
(Most recent quotation for each candidate)
Issue Grid
(Summary by topic of each candidate's positions)
Candidate Grid
(Summary by candidate of positions on each topic)
Archives
(Debate and book excerpts)
House of Representatives
(118th Congress)
Senate
(118th Senate)
Governors
(50 incumbents)
Cabinet
(Present and Past Secretaries)
Supreme Court
(Present and Past Justices)
Mayors
(Big-City Mayors)
Presidents
(Past Presidents)
VoteMatch
(Presidential Selector and Political Affiliation 20-question quiz)
About Us
(About OnTheIssues.org)
Write Us
(Your feedback to us)
  
Governor and gubernatorial candidates
  Newsletter     Signup  
Email:
  
Zip:
    
Or click for More Info.
    
     
Senators and senatorial candidates
House incumbents
Former Officeholders
 

Governor, Mayors and Pundits:


Justin Amash on Government Reform
Independent MI Rep; possible Presidential Challenger: Click here for 7 full quotes OR click here for Justin Amash on other issues.
  • For limited government, not total Presidential authority. (Apr 2020)
  • No Pork Pledge: decrease earmarking; increase transparency. (Aug 2010)
  • Identify constitutionality in every new congressional bill. (Jul 2010)
  • Audit federal agencies, to reform or eliminate them. (Jul 2010)
  • Moratorium on all earmarks until budget is balanced. (Jul 2010)
  • Member of House Committee on Oversight & Government Reform. (Mar 2011)
  • Rated No holiday on election day; no same-day registration. (Mar 2019)
Brian Calley on Government Reform
Republican Challenger for MI Governor: Click here for Brian Calley on other issues.
    No stance on record.
James Craig on Government Reform
Republican challenger for Governor: Click here for James Craig on other issues.
    No stance on record.
Tudor Dixon on Government Reform
Republican challenger for Governor: Click here for Tudor Dixon on other issues.
    No stance on record.
Abdul El-Sayed on Government Reform
Democratic candidate for Governor: Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Abdul El-Sayed on other issues.
  • Fundamental right to be heard at the ballot box. (Mar 2018)
  • Strict separation of church and state. (Nov 2017)
Jennifer Granholm on Government Reform
Democratic Governor (MI): Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Jennifer Granholm on other issues.
  • Voter ID laws, limits on early voting are about suppression. (May 2012)
  • Committed to implementing science-based policy. (Mar 2005)
Mark Schauer on Government Reform
Democratic Challenger for Governor: Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Mark Schauer on other issues.
  • Voted YES on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
Bill Schuette on Government Reform
Republican candidate for governor of Michigan: Click here for 5 full quotes OR click here for Bill Schuette on other issues.
  • Opposes ballot initative 2 (gerrymandered districts ok). (Oct 2018)
  • Oppose disclosure for who paid for political ads. (Oct 2018)
  • Terminate government pensions for those caught embezzling. (Aug 2018)
  • Wants tax returns released from all top elected officials. (Aug 2018)
  • Supports term limits and campaign finance disclosure. (Nov 1996)
Rick Snyder on Government Reform
Republican Governor: Click here for 4 full quotes OR click here for Rick Snyder on other issues.
  • Vetoed voter identification bill. (Dec 2013)
  • No photo ID for absentee voting. (Jul 2012)
  • Michigan Dashboard: measure progress & present it publicly. (Jan 2011)
  • Make Michigan a national leader in transparency and ethics. (Nov 2010)
John Tatar on Government Reform
Libertarian candidate for governor of Michigan: Click here for the full quote OR click here for John Tatar on other issues.
  • Validating identity is a minor inconvenience for voting. (Jul 2018)
Gretchen Whitmer on Government Reform
Democratic Governor: Click here for 7 full quotes OR click here for Gretchen Whitmer on other issues.
  • Encouraging people to vote by mail. (Apr 2020)
  • Would be nice to have national strategy working with states. (Apr 2020)
  • Holding government accountable: Michigan Sunshine Plan. (Mar 2020)
  • Opposes gerrymandering; opposes voter ID. (Oct 2018)
  • Disclose political donors; reverse Citizens United. (Oct 2018)
  • Promote universal voter access. (Nov 2017)
  • No photo ID for absentee voting. (Feb 2012)

Senate:

MI 2020: 2020 MI Senatorial race


Mike Bouchard on Government Reform
Republican Challenger: Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Mike Bouchard on other issues.
  • Supports line-item veto on spending bills. (Sep 2006)
  • Tort Reform: end frivolous lawsuits. (Jun 2006)
John James on Government Reform
Republican Senate challenger: Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for John James on other issues.
Terri Lynn Land on Government Reform
Republican Challenger: Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Terri Lynn Land on other issues.
  • Super PACs are committed to Michigan. (Sep 2013)
  • Allow "dark money": secret campaign donations for issue ads. (Sep 2013)
Gary Peters on Government Reform
Democratic Jr Senator: Click here for 14 full quotes OR click here for Gary Peters on other issues.
  • Nuclear option: Allow confirmation of Obama's appointees. (Nov 2013)
  • In Michigan Senate, returned operating budget to state. (Nov 2008)
  • Voted YES on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Ban stock trading based on Congressional insider knowledge. (Nov 2011)
  • Require full disclosure of independent campaign expenditures. (Feb 2012)
  • Establish 15 days of early voting in all states. (Nov 2012)
  • Matching fund for small donors, with debate requirements. (Jan 2013)
  • Establish "My Voice Voucher" small campaign contributions. (Feb 2014)
  • Public financing of federal campaigns by voter vouchers. (Feb 2015)
  • Automatic voter registration for all citizens. (May 2015)
  • Sponsored bill for election holiday & easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
  • Judicially liberal, according to CC survey. (Sep 2020)
  • Voted YES on two articles of impeachment against Trump. (Feb 2020)
Marcia Squier on Government Reform
Green Challenger for MI Senator: Click here for 4 full quotes OR click here for Marcia Squier on other issues.
  • Easier voter registration; restrict superdelegates. (Jul 2017)
  • Dem. superdelegates cheated Michigan voters of their choice. (Jul 2017)
  • Repeal Citizens United; publicly fund campaigns. (Nov 2016)
  • Keep Electoral College, according to AFA survey. (Sep 2020)
Debbie Stabenow on Government Reform
Democratic Jr Senator; previously Representative (MI-8): Click here for 20 full quotes OR click here for Debbie Stabenow on other issues.
  • Repeal Citizens United; fight big money in politics. (Oct 2018)
  • Voter ID places undue burden on voters. (Oct 2018)
  • Voted YES on Congressional pay raise. (Jul 2009)
  • Voted YES on providing a US House seat for the District of Columbia. (Feb 2009)
  • Voted YES on granting the District of Columbia a seat in Congress. (Sep 2007)
  • Voted NO on requiring photo ID to vote in federal elections. (Jul 2007)
  • Voted NO on allowing some lobbyist gifts to Congress. (Mar 2006)
  • Voted YES on establishing the Senate Office of Public Integrity. (Mar 2006)
  • Voted YES on banning "soft money" contributions and restricting issue ads. (Mar 2002)
  • Voted NO on require photo ID (not just signature) for voter registration. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning campaign donations from unions & corporations. (Apr 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Voluntary public financing for all general elections. (Aug 2000)
  • Reject photo ID requirements for voting. (Sep 2005)
  • Establish the United States Public Service Academy. (Mar 2007)
  • Require full disclosure of independent campaign expenditures. (Jul 2012)
  • CC:Oppose strict Constitutionalist judges. (Jul 2018)
  • Sponsored bill for election holiday & easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
  • Voted YES on two articles of impeachment against Trump. (Feb 2020)
Bob Young on Government Reform
Republican candidate for Michigan U.S. Senator: Click here for the full quote OR click here for Bob Young on other issues.
  • Cut costs; make government accountable. (Oct 2017)

House:


Justin Amash on Government Reform
Independent MI Rep; possible Presidential Challenger: Click here for 7 full quotes OR click here for Justin Amash on other issues.
  • For limited government, not total Presidential authority. (Apr 2020)
  • No Pork Pledge: decrease earmarking; increase transparency. (Aug 2010)
  • Identify constitutionality in every new congressional bill. (Jul 2010)
  • Audit federal agencies, to reform or eliminate them. (Jul 2010)
  • Moratorium on all earmarks until budget is balanced. (Jul 2010)
  • Member of House Committee on Oversight & Government Reform. (Mar 2011)
  • Rated No holiday on election day; no same-day registration. (Mar 2019)
Dan Benishek on Government Reform
Republican (District 1): Click here for 5 full quotes OR click here for Dan Benishek on other issues.
  • The 4 R's: Read It; Reduce It; Repeal It; Reform It. (Nov 2010)
  • Identify constitutionality in every new congressional bill. (Jul 2010)
  • Audit federal agencies, to reform or eliminate them. (Jul 2010)
  • Moratorium on all earmarks until budget is balanced. (Jul 2010)
  • Prohibit IRS audits targeting Tea Party political groups. (Feb 2014)
Kerry Bentivolio on Government Reform
Republican (District 11): Click here for 4 full quotes OR click here for Kerry Bentivolio on other issues.
  • Identify constitutionality in every new congressional bill. (Jul 2010)
  • Audit federal agencies, to reform or eliminate them. (Jul 2010)
  • Moratorium on all earmarks until budget is balanced. (Jul 2010)
  • Signed term limit pledge: 6 years House; 12 years Senate. (Nov 2012)
Jack Bergman on Government Reform
Republican (District 1): Click here for the full quote OR click here for Jack Bergman on other issues.
  • Rated No holiday on election day; no same-day registration. (Mar 2019)
Mike Bishop on Government Reform
Republican House Member (District 8): Click here for 3 full quotes OR click here for Mike Bishop on other issues.
  • Make state legislature part-time, with pay cuts. (Nov 2014)
  • Limit people driven by thirst for power, pride, and envy. (Sep 2014)
  • Limit campaign contributions; but no state funding. (Nov 2000)
John Conyers on Government Reform
Democratic Representative (MI-14): Click here for 27 full quotes OR click here for John Conyers on other issues.
  • Voted YES on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted YES on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted NO on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted NO on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted NO on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted NO on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted YES on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Election reform is #1 priority to prevent disenfranchisement. (Jan 2001)
  • Reject photo ID requirements for voting. (Sep 2005)
  • Establish the United States Public Service Academy. (Mar 2007)
  • Prohibit voter intimidation in federal elections. (Mar 2007)
  • Leader of House Judiciary Committee. (Mar 2011)
  • Ban stock trading based on Congressional insider knowledge. (Nov 2011)
  • Require full disclosure of independent campaign expenditures. (Feb 2012)
  • Establish 15 days of early voting in all states. (Nov 2012)
  • Matching fund for small donors, with debate requirements. (Feb 2013)
  • No photo IDs to vote; they suppress the vote. (Jan 2014)
  • Establish "My Voice Voucher" small campaign contributions. (Feb 2014)
  • Public financing of federal campaigns by voter vouchers. (Jan 2015)
  • No separate contribution limits for party activities. (Jan 2015)
  • Statehood for the District of Columbia. (Jan 2015)
  • Automatic voter registration for all citizens. (Mar 2015)
  • Require debates for recipients of public campaign financing. (Apr 1993)
Dave Curson on Government Reform
Democrat (District 11): Click here for Dave Curson on other issues.
    No stance on record.
Debbie Dingell on Government Reform
Democratic House Member (District 12): Click here for 6 full quotes OR click here for Debbie Dingell on other issues.
  • No photo IDs to vote; they suppress the vote. (Jul 2017)
  • Establish "My Voice Voucher" small campaign contributions. (Jan 2017)
  • Public financing of federal campaigns by voter vouchers. (Jan 2015)
  • Statehood for the District of Columbia. (Mar 2018)
  • Automatic voter registration for all citizens. (Mar 2015)
  • Holiday on election day; revamp for easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
Bill Huizenga on Government Reform
Republican (District 2): Click here for 3 full quotes OR click here for Bill Huizenga on other issues.
  • No recess appointments without Congressional approval. (Jan 2012)
  • Prohibit IRS audits targeting Tea Party political groups. (Feb 2014)
  • Rated No holiday on election day; no same-day registration. (Mar 2019)
Brenda Jones on Government Reform
Democrat (District 13): Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Brenda Jones on other issues.
  • Eliminate discriminatory voter suppression laws. (Sep 2018)
  • Eliminate dark money in federal elections. (Sep 2018)
Dan Kildee on Government Reform
Democrat (District 5): Click here for 7 full quotes OR click here for Dan Kildee on other issues.
  • Citizens United opens elections to the highest bidder. (Nov 2012)
  • No photo IDs to vote; they suppress the vote. (Jun 2014)
  • Establish "My Voice Voucher" small campaign contributions. (Jan 2017)
  • Public financing of federal campaigns by voter vouchers. (Jan 2017)
  • Statehood for the District of Columbia. (Mar 2017)
  • Automatic voter registration for all citizens. (Mar 2015)
  • Holiday on election day; revamp for easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
Peter Konetchy on Government Reform
Republican Challenger (District 4): Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Peter Konetchy on other issues.
  • Photo ID for voting. (Jul 2014)
  • No government approval for campaign contributions. (Aug 2011)
Brenda Lawrence on Government Reform
Democratic House Member (District 14): Click here for 5 full quotes OR click here for Brenda Lawrence on other issues.
  • Establish "My Voice Voucher" small campaign contributions. (Jan 2017)
  • Public financing of federal campaigns by voter vouchers. (Jan 2017)
  • Statehood for the District of Columbia. (Jan 2015)
  • Automatic voter registration for all citizens. (Mar 2015)
  • Holiday on election day; revamp for easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
Andy Levin on Government Reform
Democrat (District 9): Click here for 4 full quotes OR click here for Andy Levin on other issues.
  • Supports election reform & overturning Citizens United. (Apr 2019)
  • Turn democracy from a spectator sport to participation sport. (Sep 2018)
  • PVS:Regulate campaign donations from corporations. (Aug 2018)
  • Holiday on election day; revamp for easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
Sander Levin on Government Reform
Democratic Representative (MI-12): Click here for 19 full quotes OR click here for Sander Levin on other issues.
  • Voted YES on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted YES on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted NO on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted NO on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted NO on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted NO on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted NO on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted YES on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Prohibit voter intimidation in federal elections. (Mar 2007)
  • Ban stock trading based on Congressional insider knowledge. (Nov 2011)
  • Require full disclosure of independent campaign expenditures. (Feb 2012)
  • Full disclosure of campaign spending. (Jul 2013)
  • No photo IDs to vote; they suppress the vote. (Jul 2014)
  • Statehood for the District of Columbia. (Jan 2015)
  • Automatic voter registration for all citizens. (Jun 2015)
Paul Mitchell on Government Reform
Republican (District 10): Click here for the full quote OR click here for Paul Mitchell on other issues.
  • Rated No holiday on election day; no same-day registration. (Mar 2019)
John Moolenaar on Government Reform
Republican House Member (District 4): Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for John Moolenaar on other issues.
  • Require photo ID for absentee voting. (Feb 2012)
  • Rated No holiday on election day; no same-day registration. (Mar 2019)
Mike Rogers on Government Reform
Republican Representative (MI-8): Click here for 11 full quotes OR click here for Mike Rogers on other issues.
  • Voted NO on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted NO on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted NO on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted YES on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted YES on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted YES on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted NO on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
Mark Schauer on Government Reform
Democratic Governor Challenger (District 7): Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Mark Schauer on other issues.
  • Voted YES on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
Elissa Slotkin on Government Reform
Democrat (District 8): Click here for 4 full quotes OR click here for Elissa Slotkin on other issues.
  • Doesn't accept corporate contributions to her campaign. (Oct 2018)
  • We should be making it easier to legally vote, not harder. (Sep 2018)
  • PVS:Regulate campaign donations from corporations. (Aug 2018)
  • Holiday on election day; revamp for easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
Haley Stevens on Government Reform
Democrat (District 11): Click here for 3 full quotes OR click here for Haley Stevens on other issues.
  • Citizens United lets anonymous billionaires buy elections. (Sep 2018)
  • PVS:Regulate campaign donations from corporations. (Aug 2018)
  • Holiday on election day; revamp for easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
Rashida Tlaib on Government Reform
Democrat (District 13): Click here for 5 full quotes OR click here for Rashida Tlaib on other issues.
  • Overturn Citizens United; fight voter suppression. (Oct 2018)
  • Fight back against voter suppression that targets minorities. (Sep 2018)
  • No photo ID for absentee voting. (Jun 2012)
  • PVS:Regulate campaign donations from corporations. (Aug 2018)
  • Holiday on election day; revamp for easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
Dave Trott on Government Reform
Republican House Member (District 11): Click here for Dave Trott on other issues.
    No stance on record.
Fred Upton on Government Reform
Republican Representative (MI-6): Click here for 21 full quotes OR click here for Fred Upton on other issues.
  • Reform medical liability; it only benefits trial lawyers. (Jun 2016)
  • Voted NO on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted YES on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted YES on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted YES on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted YES on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted YES on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Ban stock trading based on Congressional insider knowledge. (Nov 2011)
  • No photo IDs to vote; they suppress the vote. (Feb 2014)
  • More reporting, more watchdogs, and more oversight. (Jun 2016)
  • Rated No holiday on election day; no same-day registration. (Mar 2019)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
  • Limit punitive damages; term limits on Congress. (Sep 1994)
  • Government is too big, too intrusive, too easy with money. (Sep 1994)
  • Reduce federal government size & scope, including military. (Sep 1998)
Tim Walberg on Government Reform
Republican: Click here for 12 full quotes OR click here for Tim Walberg on other issues.
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted NO on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted NO on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Identify constitutionality in every new congressional bill. (Jul 2010)
  • Audit federal agencies, to reform or eliminate them. (Jul 2010)
  • Moratorium on all earmarks until budget is balanced. (Jul 2010)
  • Member of House Committee on Oversight & Government Reform. (Mar 2011)
  • Require Congressional certification of president's "Czars". (Jan 2011)
  • Require defining constitutional authority for every new law. (Jan 2011)
  • Ban stock trading based on Congressional insider knowledge. (Nov 2011)
  • Prohibit IRS audits targeting Tea Party political groups. (Feb 2014)
  • Rated No holiday on election day; no same-day registration. (Mar 2019)

Former candidates & officeholders:


Dave Camp on Government Reform
Republican Representative (MI-4): Click here for 17 full quotes OR click here for Dave Camp on other issues.
  • Voted NO on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted NO on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted YES on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted YES on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted YES on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted NO on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Sunset Act: review every federal agency every 12 years. (Jan 2009)
  • Sponsored prohibiting IRS audits targeting Tea Party political groups. (Jan 2014)
  • Limit punitive damages; term limits on Congress. (Sep 1994)
  • Government is too big, too intrusive, too easy with money. (Sep 1994)
  • Reduce federal government size & scope, including military. (Sep 1998)
John Dingell on Government Reform
Democratic Representative (MI-15): Click here for 15 full quotes OR click here for John Dingell on other issues.
  • Voted YES on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted YES on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted NO on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted NO on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted NO on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted NO on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted YES on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Establish 15 days of early voting in all states. (Nov 2012)
  • No photo IDs to vote; they suppress the vote. (Jun 2014)
  • Establish "My Voice Voucher" small campaign contributions. (Feb 2014)
Candice Miller on Government Reform
Republican Representative (MI-10): Click here for 13 full quotes OR click here for Candice Miller on other issues.
  • Voted NO on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted NO on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted YES on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted YES on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted YES on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Ban stock trading based on Congressional insider knowledge. (Nov 2011)
  • No recess appointments without Congressional approval. (Jan 2012)
  • Prohibit IRS audits targeting Tea Party political groups. (Jan 2014)
  • More reporting, more watchdogs, and more oversight. (Jun 2016)
Gary Peters on Government Reform
Democrat (Senate run 2014) (District 14): Click here for 14 full quotes OR click here for Gary Peters on other issues.
  • Nuclear option: Allow confirmation of Obama's appointees. (Nov 2013)
  • In Michigan Senate, returned operating budget to state. (Nov 2008)
  • Voted YES on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Ban stock trading based on Congressional insider knowledge. (Nov 2011)
  • Require full disclosure of independent campaign expenditures. (Feb 2012)
  • Establish 15 days of early voting in all states. (Nov 2012)
  • Matching fund for small donors, with debate requirements. (Jan 2013)
  • Establish "My Voice Voucher" small campaign contributions. (Feb 2014)
  • Public financing of federal campaigns by voter vouchers. (Feb 2015)
  • Automatic voter registration for all citizens. (May 2015)
  • Sponsored bill for election holiday & easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
  • Judicially liberal, according to CC survey. (Sep 2020)
  • Voted YES on two articles of impeachment against Trump. (Feb 2020)
John Engler on Government Reform
Former Republican Governor (1991-2002): Click here for John Engler on other issues.
    No stance on record.
Spencer Abraham on Government Reform
Republican Senator (Former): Click here for 6 full quotes OR click here for Spencer Abraham on other issues.
  • Defend constitutional thinking of America's founders. (Jun 2009)
  • Oversaw Enron’s role in California energy crisis. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on funding for National Endowment for the Arts. (Aug 1999)
  • Voted NO on favoring 1997 McCain-Feingold overhaul of campaign finance. (Oct 1997)
  • Voted YES on Approving the presidential line-item veto. (Mar 1996)
  • Voted NO on banning more types of Congressional gifts. (Jul 1995)
Dick Chrysler on Government Reform
Republican Former (1994-) (District 3): Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Dick Chrysler on other issues.
  • Limit punitive damages; term limits on Congress. (Sep 1994)
  • Government is too big, too intrusive, too easy with money. (Sep 1994)
Nick Smith on Government Reform
Former Republican challenger (2006), previously U.S. Rep: Click here for 8 full quotes OR click here for Nick Smith on other issues.
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted YES on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Limit federal power, per the 10th Amendment. (Dec 2000)
  • Unlimited campaign contributions; with full disclosure. (Dec 2000)
  • Limit punitive damages; term limits on Congress. (Sep 1994)
  • Government is too big, too intrusive, too easy with money. (Sep 1994)
Nick Smith on Government Reform
Republican (Until 2004) (District 7): Click here for 8 full quotes OR click here for Nick Smith on other issues.
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted YES on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Limit federal power, per the 10th Amendment. (Dec 2000)
  • Unlimited campaign contributions; with full disclosure. (Dec 2000)
  • Limit punitive damages; term limits on Congress. (Sep 1994)
  • Government is too big, too intrusive, too easy with money. (Sep 1994)
Jerry Zandstra on Government Reform
Former Republican challenger (2006): Click here for the full quote OR click here for Jerry Zandstra on other issues.
  • Tort abuse adds 2% to the cost of everything. (Jan 2006)
James Barcia on Government Reform
Democrat (District 5): Click here for 3 full quotes OR click here for James Barcia on other issues.
  • Voted NO on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
Bart Baron on Government Reform
Republican Senate Challenger: Click here for Bart Baron on other issues.
    No stance on record.
David Bonior on Government Reform
Democrat (District 10): Click here for 3 full quotes OR click here for David Bonior on other issues.
  • Voted NO on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Allow same-day voter registration on election day. (Jan 2001)
Keith Butler on Government Reform
Republican challenger, previously Detroit councilor: Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Keith Butler on other issues.
  • Supports tort reform and medical liability reform. (Jun 2006)
  • Against Judges who legislate from the bench. (Jun 2006)
Hansen Clarke on Government Reform
Former Democrat (until 2012) (District 13): Click here for 3 full quotes OR click here for Hansen Clarke on other issues.
  • Ban stock trading based on Congressional insider knowledge. (Nov 2011)
  • Require full disclosure of independent campaign expenditures. (Feb 2012)
  • Establish 15 days of early voting in all states. (Nov 2012)
Vernon Ehlers on Government Reform
Republican Representative (MI-3): Click here for 17 full quotes OR click here for Vernon Ehlers on other issues.
  • Voted NO on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted NO on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted YES on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted YES on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted YES on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted NO on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Restrict lobbyist gifts & disclose lobbyist info on Internet. (Dec 2005)
  • Establish the United States Public Service Academy. (Mar 2007)
  • Limit punitive damages; term limits on Congress. (Sep 1994)
  • Government is too big, too intrusive, too easy with money. (Sep 1994)
  • Reduce federal government size & scope, including military. (Sep 1998)
Peter Hoekstra on Government Reform
Republican Representative (MI-2): Click here for 15 full quotes OR click here for Peter Hoekstra on other issues.
  • Voted NO on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted NO on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted NO on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted YES on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted YES on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted NO on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Sunset Act: review every federal agency every 12 years. (Jan 2009)
  • Require all laws to cite Constitutional authorization. (Jun 2009)
  • Limit punitive damages; term limits on Congress. (Sep 1994)
  • Government is too big, too intrusive, too easy with money. (Sep 1994)
Jack Hoogendyk on Government Reform
Republican Senate challenger: Click here for 3 full quotes OR click here for Jack Hoogendyk on other issues.
  • No limits on political campaign funds. (Jun 2008)
  • No Pork Pledge: decrease earmarking; increase transparency. (Aug 2010)
  • Signed term limit pledge: 6 years House; 12 years Senate. (Nov 2012)
Dale Kildee on Government Reform
Democratic Representative (MI-5): Click here for 16 full quotes OR click here for Dale Kildee on other issues.
  • Voted YES on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted YES on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted NO on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted NO on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted NO on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted NO on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted NO on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted YES on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Ban stock trading based on Congressional insider knowledge. (Nov 2011)
  • Require full disclosure of independent campaign expenditures. (Feb 2012)
  • Establish 15 days of early voting in all states. (Nov 2012)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
Carolyn Kilpatrick on Government Reform
Democratic Representative (MI-13): Click here for 15 full quotes OR click here for Carolyn Kilpatrick on other issues.
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted YES on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted NO on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted NO on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted NO on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted NO on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted NO on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted YES on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Election reform is #1 priority to prevent disenfranchisement. (Jan 2001)
  • Criminalize false or deceptive info about elections. (Nov 2005)
  • Prohibit voter intimidation in federal elections. (Mar 2007)
  • Prohibit 'voter caging' which intimidates minority voting. (Nov 2007)
Joe Knollenberg on Government Reform
Republican Representative (MI-9): Click here for 13 full quotes OR click here for Joe Knollenberg on other issues.
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted NO on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted NO on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted YES on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted YES on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted YES on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted NO on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Limit punitive damages; term limits on Congress. (Sep 1994)
  • Government is too big, too intrusive, too easy with money. (Sep 1994)
Carl Levin on Government Reform
Democratic Sr Senator (MI): Click here for 18 full quotes OR click here for Carl Levin on other issues.
  • Voted YES on Congressional pay raise. (Jul 2009)
  • Voted YES on providing a US House seat for the District of Columbia. (Feb 2009)
  • Voted YES on granting the District of Columbia a seat in Congress. (Sep 2007)
  • Voted NO on requiring photo ID to vote in federal elections. (Jul 2007)
  • Voted NO on allowing some lobbyist gifts to Congress. (Mar 2006)
  • Voted YES on establishing the Senate Office of Public Integrity. (Mar 2006)
  • Voted YES on banning "soft money" contributions and restricting issue ads. (Mar 2002)
  • Voted NO on require photo ID (not just signature) for voter registration. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning campaign donations from unions & corporations. (Apr 2001)
  • Voted YES on funding for National Endowment for the Arts. (Aug 1999)
  • Voted YES on favoring 1997 McCain-Feingold overhaul of campaign finance. (Oct 1997)
  • Voted NO on Approving the presidential line-item veto. (Mar 1996)
  • Voted NO on banning more types of Congressional gifts. (Jul 1995)
  • Prohibit voter intimidation in federal elections. (Mar 2007)
  • Require full disclosure of independent campaign expenditures. (Jul 2012)
  • No photo IDs to vote; they suppress the vote. (Sep 2014)
  • Matching fund for small donors, with debate requirements. (Feb 2013)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
Bret McAtee on Government Reform
Constitution Party Senate Challenger: Click here for Bret McAtee on other issues.
    No stance on record.
Mike Nikitin on Government Reform
Constitution/Taxpayers Party Senate challenger: Click here for the full quote OR click here for Mike Nikitin on other issues.
  • No restrictions on campaign funds. (Aug 2008)
Lynn Nancy Rivers on Government Reform
Democrat (District 13): Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Lynn Nancy Rivers on other issues.
  • Voted NO on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
Leonard Schwartz on Government Reform
Libertarian Challenger: Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Leonard Schwartz on other issues.
  • Unregulated soft money; no contribution limits. (Oct 2006)
  • Busybody law system unfair and wasteful. (Jun 2006)
Joe Schwarz on Government Reform
Republican (District 7): Click here for 4 full quotes OR click here for Joe Schwarz on other issues.
  • Voted YES on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted YES on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted YES on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
Bart Stupak on Government Reform
Democratic Representative (MI-1): Click here for 12 full quotes OR click here for Bart Stupak on other issues.
  • Voted YES on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted YES on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted NO on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted NO on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted NO on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted YES on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
Scotty Boman on Government Reform
Libertarian Challenger: Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Scotty Boman on other issues.
  • Limits on political donations restrict free speech. (Aug 2008)
  • Signed term limit pledge: 6 years House; 12 years Senate. (Nov 2012)
Randy Hekman on Government Reform
Republican Challenger: Click here for 3 full quotes OR click here for Randy Hekman on other issues.
  • Identify constitutionality in every new congressional bill. (Jul 2010)
  • Audit federal agencies, to reform or eliminate them. (Jul 2010)
  • Moratorium on all earmarks until budget is balanced. (Jul 2010)
Peter Hoekstra on Government Reform
Republican Representative (MI-2): Click here for 15 full quotes OR click here for Peter Hoekstra on other issues.
  • Voted NO on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted NO on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted NO on protecting whistleblowers from employer recrimination. (Mar 2007)
  • Voted YES on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted YES on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Voted NO on campaign finance reform banning soft-money contributions. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money donations to national political parties. (Jul 2001)
  • Voted NO on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Sunset Act: review every federal agency every 12 years. (Jan 2009)
  • Require all laws to cite Constitutional authorization. (Jun 2009)
  • Limit punitive damages; term limits on Congress. (Sep 1994)
  • Government is too big, too intrusive, too easy with money. (Sep 1994)
Peter Konetchy on Government Reform
Republican Challenger: Click here for 2 full quotes OR click here for Peter Konetchy on other issues.
  • Photo ID for voting. (Jul 2014)
  • No government approval for campaign contributions. (Aug 2011)
Lisa McClain on Government Reform
Republican (District 10): Click here for Lisa McClain on other issues.
    No stance on record.
Thad McCotter on Government Reform
Republican Representative (MI-11): Click here for 14 full quotes OR click here for Thad McCotter on other issues.
  • Cut, Cap & Balance now; end Big Government for long-term. (Jul 2011)
  • Freedom Paradigm: good government empowers citizens. (Feb 2011)
  • Voted NO on Senate pay raise. (Jun 2009)
  • Voted YES on requiring lobbyist disclosure of bundled donations. (May 2007)
  • Voted NO on granting Washington DC an Electoral vote & vote in Congress. (Apr 2007)
  • Voted YES on requiring photo ID for voting in federal elections. (Sep 2006)
  • Voted YES on restricting independent grassroots political committees. (Apr 2006)
  • Voted YES on prohibiting lawsuits about obesity against food providers. (Oct 2005)
  • Voted YES on limiting attorney's fees in class action lawsuits. (Feb 2005)
  • Voted YES on restricting frivolous lawsuits. (Sep 2004)
  • Ban stock trading based on Congressional insider knowledge. (Nov 2011)
  • No recess appointments without Congressional approval. (Jan 2012)
  • Require all laws to cite Constitutional authorization. (Jun 2009)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
Peter Meijer on Government Reform
Republican (District 3): Click here for the full quote OR click here for Peter Meijer on other issues.
Debbie Stabenow on Government Reform
Democratic Jr Senator; previously Representative (MI-8): Click here for 20 full quotes OR click here for Debbie Stabenow on other issues.
  • Repeal Citizens United; fight big money in politics. (Oct 2018)
  • Voter ID places undue burden on voters. (Oct 2018)
  • Voted YES on Congressional pay raise. (Jul 2009)
  • Voted YES on providing a US House seat for the District of Columbia. (Feb 2009)
  • Voted YES on granting the District of Columbia a seat in Congress. (Sep 2007)
  • Voted NO on requiring photo ID to vote in federal elections. (Jul 2007)
  • Voted NO on allowing some lobbyist gifts to Congress. (Mar 2006)
  • Voted YES on establishing the Senate Office of Public Integrity. (Mar 2006)
  • Voted YES on banning "soft money" contributions and restricting issue ads. (Mar 2002)
  • Voted NO on require photo ID (not just signature) for voter registration. (Feb 2002)
  • Voted YES on banning campaign donations from unions & corporations. (Apr 2001)
  • Voted YES on banning soft money and issue ads. (Sep 1999)
  • Voluntary public financing for all general elections. (Aug 2000)
  • Reject photo ID requirements for voting. (Sep 2005)
  • Establish the United States Public Service Academy. (Mar 2007)
  • Require full disclosure of independent campaign expenditures. (Jul 2012)
  • CC:Oppose strict Constitutionalist judges. (Jul 2018)
  • Sponsored bill for election holiday & easier voting access. (Mar 2019)
  • Repeal automatic Congressional pay raises. (Jan 2009)
  • Voted YES on two articles of impeachment against Trump. (Feb 2020)

                                                                                                                                                                               
  


Home | Issues | Candidates | Most Recent Quote | Issue Grid | Books + Debates | Senate | VoteMatch | News | About Us | Write Us

Logo
Copyright 1999-2021
by OnTheIssues.org
Reprinting by permission only.
E-mail: submit@OnTheIssues.org
Mail
Send donations or submit quotations to:
On The Issues
1770 Massachusetts Ave. #630
Cambridge, MA 02140

WM_logo Written by
WebMerchants


IWP_logo Powered by
Instant Web Page

Page last updated: [Title8]

Reproduction of material from any OnTheIssues.org pages without written permission is prohibited.
Copyright © 1999-2022 Jesse Gordon and OnTheIssues.org , all rights reserved.
OnTheIssues.org 1770 Massachusetts Ave. #630, Cambridge MA 02140

E-mail us at:submit at OnTheIssues.org
(Editorial staff, for news and corrections)
Business information (Dr. Naomi Lichtenberg, for partnerships and advertising)
Political information (Jesse Gordon, for content and technical matters)
About Us (We report about campaigns; please don't write us if you want to reach any campaign!)
  Newsletter     Signup  
Email:
  
Zip:
    
Or click for More Info.
    

Page last updated: Sep 19, 2021